Global oil and gas exploration in 2025 is being transformed by digitalisation, advanced seismic imaging, and the shift toward low-carbon solutions. India is adopting AI-enabled subsurface analysis, deepwater exploration, and CCUS while optimising mature fields to balance energy security and sustainability. This issue also revisits the enduring legacy of Prof. Nikolay P. Zapivalov, whose groundbreaking ideas—geofluidodynamics, percolation theory, fractal modelling, sustainable reservoir management, and ecological risk awareness—continue to shape modern geoscience. His call for science-driven models, responsible field development, and stronger international cooperation remains vital as the industry navigates environmental pressures and evolving subsurface complexities.
The cover highlights a major international study revealing the drivers behind rapid changes in river deltas and the urgent need to protect these vulnerable ecosystems.
(Cover image depicting Deltas courtesy of Dr. Sandip Kumar Roy)
November, 2025
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